Metaphors and Similes in Business Writing

by Craig Shrives

How To Use Metaphors and Similes

Metaphors and similes can make your business writing interesting to read, more memorable, more efficient, and more convincing. If you're brave enough to use one and you're sure it's appropriate, the advantages are notable. Let's remind ourselves what metaphors and similes are.

Metaphors

A metaphor associates two concepts by stating that one of them is the other. For example:

• Her eyes were darting searchlights, scanning the room for her rival.

Here are two metaphors by famous people:

• "Conscience is a man's compass." (Dutch post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh, 1853–1890)
• "All religions, arts and sciences are branches of the same tree." (Theoretical physicist Albert Einstein, 1879–1955)

Also, if something is being described (NB not compared but described) in a way that it literally is not, then you're looking at a metaphor. So, "an icy stare" is a metaphor, but "an icy stair" isn't. "A stare like ice" isn't one either. That's a comparison. It's a simile.

Similes

A simile compares two things by saying one is like the other, or one is as the other.

• Her eyes were like darting searchlights, scanning the room for her rival.

Here are two similes by famous people:

• "A room without books is like a body without a soul." (Roman philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106 BC–43 BC)
• "Writing about music is like dancing about architecture." (Often attributed to English singer-songwriter Elvis Costello)

Below is an example from a business brochure that had just spent two paragraphs explaining the benefits of acquiring local knowledge before operating in a new environment:

• "There are two quick ways to determine whether new waters are shark-infested: swim around to have a look or ask the locals."

This sentence is a metaphor for the idea explained at length in the brochure. The aim of the metaphor is to help explain a more complex idea and to make it more memorable.

Why Are Metaphors and Similes Effective?

If you read the section on biases (especially anchoring), you will quickly notice that people do not like to make decisions in a vacuum. They like to make comparisons, and they like supporting evidence. As well as making your writing more interesting to read, metaphors and similes can provide both of those things. Imagine you wrote this simile:

• "Plan A would be like throwing the pilot out of a stricken aircraft to make it lighter."

In reality, Plan A might be quite complex, and your simile might be somewhat simplistic, but your readers now know exactly where you stand on the issue. By offering a simple, memorable comparison, your readers will anchor to that simile when the time comes to consider the merits of plan A.

This is good stuff, so let's really get to the bottom of it. The idea of throwing the pilot out is madness. It's undeniable madness, and everyone agrees. If the simile is a good enough fit, lots of that agreement about the undeniable madness will bleed across onto Plan A. You are now not talking about Plan A directly, but about something far easier to explain. A good simile will "hijack" an idea. They are powerful things.

Bear in mind though that your readers will quite unimpressed if you use what they perceive as an old metaphor or simile. Look at these similes:

"A printer without ink is as much use as:

(1) a chocolate teapot
(2) a handbrake on a submarine
(3) an ashtray on a motorbike."

Take your pick. Actually, don't. These similes are old. You will only be showcasing your intellectual limitations if you use clichés like these. At some point (probably back in the 1980s), these similes were considered novel, but they're now overused. They're tired. Doubtless some people will think "A chocolate teapot? That's quite funny. I've never heard that before." Here's the point: If you didn't make it up yourself, ask around to test the freshness of your simile or metaphor. Before we think about how to write a new simile or a metaphor. It's worth reiterating that you don't have to use any creative-writing techniques in your business writing. They could be more damaging than beneficial, and metaphors and similes carry a high risk of damaging a document. But there are benefits to be had – especially if the technique suits your business environment. You'll instinctively know your boundaries.

Creating Metaphors and Similes

So, how do you create a simile or a metaphor? Well, sometimes they leap out at you. Other times, you have to really work at it. When inspiration doesn't strike, have a plan. Much like structuring a piece of business writing by writing paragraph titles, you can quickly consider your subject from a number of different angles using a simple thinking template. I use a Trivial Pursuit question card.

The various question categories on a Trivial Pursuit question card can assist with thinking. For example, let's imagine you're trying to sell a powder that kills wasps. Let's call it "Wasp Killer." But now you want a slogan. Okay, get your Trivial Pursuit card out.

• Geography: "Wasp Killer. Sends wasps to waspital."
(What's that got to do with Geography? I don't know. It just jumped into my head! It also suggests the powder is just going to injure the wasps. The card is just an aid to thinking. At this stage, all ideas are good. Jot them down. They might inform something else later.)
• Entertainment: "Wasp Killer. Makes wasps leave your house quicker than your 14-year-old son during a love scene on TV."
(Too long, I know. Probably not that original either. Still, jot it down.)
• History: "Wasp Killer. Hiroshima for wasps is just one squirt away."
(Not acceptable, I know. But, jot it down.)
• Arts & Literature: "Wasp Killer. For wasps, it's like three no's in X Factor."
(Nah, rubbish. Not sure how I got there under Art and Literature. Still, jot it down.)
• Science and Nature: "Wasp Killer. A tsunami for wasps."
(Mmm? Nah)
• Sports and Leisure: "Wasp Killer. Strike 3 for Wasps."
(Mmm? Maybe)

Now, there's a lot of rubbish amongst that lot. Stuff I'd never consider using. But, it's quite easy to see connections between the ideas. "Hiroshima" has links to "tsunami," and "three no's" has links to "Strike 3." Without "three no's," I might never have got to "Strike 3 for Wasps." So, write all ideas down.

I can't teach you how to be creative. You're almost certainly already more creative than me. But, by being systematic, I've managed to come up with "Wasp Killer: Strike 3 for Wasps." It's a bit US-centric, but I quite like it.

Be aware that, quite often, metaphors and similes aren't received as enthusiastically as they're delivered. Once you've written a metaphor or simile, test it. I've just tested "Wasp Killer: Strike 3 for Wasps" with the rest of the office. Apparently, it's not "a bit US-centric." It's too US-centric and not even that good. Oh, well. Back to the drawing board. Remember that proofreaders rarely do you a disservice. If a proofreader says your metaphor or simile is poor or inappropriate, believe them.

Bottom line: Using a metaphor or a simile is an efficient way to explain an idea or to make it memorable. So, if it's appropriate, use one. But don't use two.

Critical Thinking Test

Are you good at spotting the biases, fallacies, and other cognitive effects? Can you spot when statistics have been manipulated? Can you read body language? Well, let's see! Show Instructions

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