What Is the Halo Effect?
The Quick Answer
In Critical Thinking, the halo effect is the tendency to judge someone positively due to an unrelated positive trait.The Halo Effect: Judging Books by Their Covers
The halo effect is a cognitive bias that refers to our tendency to form overall positive or negative impressions of people, objects, or ideas based on a single noteworthy characteristic.
Consider a scenario where you meet someone for the first time at a social gathering. As you engage in conversation, you notice that the person has a warm, friendly smile that instantly puts you at ease. The halo effect comes into play as you subconsciously associate positive attributes, such as friendliness, approachability, and trustworthiness, with this person based solely on their smile.
This simple example highlights how the halo effect can influence our perceptions and judgments. We often rely on initial impressions and single qualities to form our overall opinion of a person, even though they may possess a multitude of other characteristics that we have yet to discover.The halo effect manifests itself in various aspects of our daily lives. For instance, in the context of job interviews, a candidate with an impressive physical appearance and confident body language may create a positive halo that influences the interviewer's perception of their competence and qualifications. Similarly, a popular brand endorsed by a well-liked celebrity can evoke a positive halo, leading consumers to believe that the products associated with the brand are of superior quality.
Although the halo effect can simplify decision-making, it can also lead to biased judgments and missed opportunities. To overcome this cognitive bias, it is essential to consciously recognize and challenge our initial impressions. By seeking additional information, evaluating multiple qualities, and allowing for a more comprehensive assessment, we can avoid the pitfalls of the halo effect and make more informed and balanced judgments.
Easy Definition of the Halo Effect
Don't think someone who is good at something is good at everything. Also, don't think someone's strong past performance means their latest work is good. They are both examples of the halo effect.
Academic Definition of the Halo Effect
The halo effect is the tendency to judge someone positively because of a known positive trait. This can occur regardless of whether the judgement is related to the trait.
An Example of the Halo Effect
One piece of work affects two grades
If a teacher marks John's first homework assignment as an A, this grade could affect the grade of John's second homework assignment regardless of its quality. For example:Monday's homework: A
Wednesday's homework: B+
In this scenario, John retains the "halo" he earned on Monday, and it influences the teacher's judgement of Wednesday's work, which might only have been worthy of a C+. But, now imagine a scenario where John's Monday assignment was not as good, but the Wednesday one was unchanged. The following could occur:
Monday's homework: B
Wednesday's homework: C+
In this example, the Wednesday assignment drops from B+ to C+ simply because the Monday assignment was not as good, i.e., John didn't earn a "halo" on Monday.
In the first scenario (the one with the A on the Monday), if Friday's homework were also C+ standard, the teacher might start to realise that John is not as bright as originally thought. However, at that stage, it's too late. The undeserved B+ achieved on the Wednesday has already been awarded. In effect, John scored well twice for just one piece of good work.
Another Example of the Halo Effect
Hey, you're good at darts. Who was last year's snooker champion?
The halo effect can also occur when the judgement and the traits are unrelated or loosely related. For example, thinking someone is clever because he dresses smartly (unrelated trait) or thinking someone would be a good member of your quiz team to answer the sports-category questions based on his ability to play sports (loosely related trait) are examples of the halo effect. Good Looking People Bias is a form of the halo effect. You shouldn't think good-looking people are more capable or more deserving of your attention than normal-looking or ugly people. That's the halo effect.The Devil Effect
The other side of the coin to the halo effect is the Devil Effect. This is the tendency to judge someone negatively because of a known negative trait."The last thing I need is another podgy accountant."
"Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died."
Salesmen often fall foul of the Devil Effect when looking at potential customers. If you look like you've been sleeping next to the dustbin, some salesmen – particularly those selling luxury goods – are far less likely to engage you with any degree of enthusiasm. A few years ago, I spoke to a salesman who sold Porsches and Lotuses. Nowadays, he's a very successful car salesman, but it wasn't always like that.
Johnny, as he was called, told me it was difficult to spot a good prospective buyer. He said he had learnt that dress standards were not a good indicator of who was in the market for a posh car. Tuning his skills (or so he thought), he had taught himself to look at a person's watch and shoes as opposed to his general appearance, because these were a better indication of his wealth and buying extravagance. But, experience soon taught Johnny there was no meaningful relationship between someone's watch or shoes and his ability (or determination) to buy a Porsche. In his earlier days, Johnny was suffering from the Devil and the halo effect. He was virtually blanking those with a cheap watch, while expending all his energy on those with an expensive one. He said it took him 20 years of "reading" his customers' attire to learn that he should treat all prospective buyers the same. In other words, it took him two decades to counter the Halo and Devil Effects, but now that he has, his sales have rocketed.
A Practical Application The Devil Effect
Use testimonials
A great service. Smiths arrived at 9 on the dot and saved me £114.
(Pauline Baxter, Exeter road)
You can either walk about with a "halo" from your past activities or without a halo. If you're selling stuff, my advice is get yourself that halo. The most obvious way to do this is through testimonials from past customers. It might seem obvious, but lots of companies do not use testimonials. They should. The positivity of the testimonials – whether they're related to your pending sale or not – will help push your new customer over the "buy now" line. They're a good marketing ploy. But not all testimonials are effective. Remember, for the halo effect to work well, you need a really good score for your past activities. (Think back to John's "A" for his homework on Monday.)
The secret with testimonials is to publish ones that are as convincing as possible. Convincing is the key word here. If your testimonial says something like "Smiths is the best company in Plymouth by far (John, Plymouth)", the "halo" bleed-across will be far less than if you say something like "I save about £60 every time I use Smiths (John Draycott, Plymouth Sensors Ltd)". This is covered under using moderation and evidence to improve messaging. When people read your advertising literature, they will expect to see testimonials. For this reason, they won't notice the testimonials unless they smack them in the chops as being from real people. Ones that don't have that trait are ignored. Your readers have learnt to tune them out, just like they have the red "sale" signs in shop windows.
You might think a generic testimonial that means something to every future customer (e.g., "Smiths saved me a fortune") would be best, but that's not how it works. Specific testimonials are far more effective – even if they don't relate directly to the next customer. Remember, the halo effect works off the back of loosely related and even unrelated positive traits. So, a positive testimonial with believability is what you're looking for to create the biggest halo. Here's a quick guide on how to get the most out of testimonials:
Ask a happy customer for a testimonial and coach them to use real facts and figures in their words. Don't worry if it's too specific. That's a good thing. You're looking for believability.
Get their approval to use their real name and a photo of them.
Try to get a collection of testimonials that speak of different traits (e.g., timeliness, reliability, value for money) and double up on a couple of ideas, but don't display too many testimonials (five or six is good).
Make sure the benefits of doing business with you are clear, but try to avoid general statements.
Generally-worded testimonials are a waste of space. Believable testimonials are effective. They will generate that halo for you and help you to clinch the next sale.
Summary of Halo Effect
If you think someone is grading something (or someone) too highly due to an unrelated or loosely related positive trait, tell them they have been influenced by the halo effect.See Also
- Do you disagree with something on this page?
- Did you spot a typo?
- Do you know a bias or fallacy that we've missed?